Kidney Stones

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A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate urine in the urinary tract. Normally, urine contains chemicals that prevent or hinder the formation of crystals. These inhibitors do not seem to work for everyone, however, some stones to form. If the crystals remain small enough, they travel through the urinary tract and out of the body in urine without being noticed.

The renal stones may contain various combinations of chemicals. The most common type of stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. These chemicals are part of the normal diet of a person and are important parts of the body, such as bones and muscles.

A rare type of stone is caused by a urinary tract infection. This type of stone is called struvite or infection stone. Another type of stone, uric acid stones, are somewhat less common, and cystine stones are rare.

For unknown reasons, the number of people in the United States with kidney stones has increased over the past 30 years. In the late 1970s, less than 4 percent of the population had the disease shaped stone. In early 1990, the population with the disease has increased by more than 5 percent. Caucasians are more likely to develop kidney stones than African Americans. Stones occur more frequently in men. The prevalence of kidney stones rises dramatically as men enter their 40s and continues to grow in their 70s. For women, prevalence of kidney stones peaks in their 50s. Once a person earns more than a stone, other stones are likely to grow.

Doctors do not always know what causes a stone to form. Although certain foods may promote stone formation in people who are susceptible, scientists do not believe that eating specific food causes stones to form people who are not sensitive.

A person with a family history of kidney stones may be more likely to develop stones. Urinary tract infections, kidney disorders such as cystic kidney diseases, and certain metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism are also linked to stone formation.

In addition, more than 70 percent of people with a rare hereditary disease called renal tubular acidosis develop kidney stones.

Kidney stones often cause no symptoms. Usually, the first symptom of a kidney stone is extreme pain, which begins suddenly when a stone moves in the urinary tract and blocks the flow of urine. Generally, a person feels a sharp pain and cramps in the back and side in the kidney region or in the abdomen. Sometimes, nausea, and vomiting. Later, pain may spread to the groin.

If the stone is too large to pass easily, pain continues as the muscles in the wall of the narrow ureter try to squeeze the stone in the bladder. As the stone and the body tries to push it out, blood may appear in the urine, making the urine pink. As the stone down the ureter near the bladder, a person may feel the need to urinate more often or a burning sensation during urination.

If fever and chills accompany any of these symptoms, an infection may be present. In this case, a person should consult a doctor immediately.

Sometimes "silent" stones-those that do not cause symptoms, found on the X-rays taken during a general health examination. If the stones are small, they often go unnoticed outside the body. Often, kidney stones are found on a radiograph or ultrasound taken of someone who complains of blood in the urine or sudden pain. These ima diagnosis.